A recent review by the FDA of 14 cases of seizures in people with PD taking levodopa prompted the change in levodopa labelling

Certain groups face elevated risk of B12 deficiency and should discuss testing with their healthcare provider: Individuals following vegan or strict vegetarian diets without adequate supplementation Older adults (particularly those over 60 years), due to reduced gastric acid production People with gastrointestinal conditions including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or those who have undergone gastric or ileal surgery Long-term users of medications affecting B12 absorption, such as metformin (MHRA advises monitoring B12 levels), PPIs, or H2-receptor antagonists Individuals with pernicious anaemia or family history of this autoimmune condition People with exposure to nitrous oxide (recreational or occupational), which can cause functional B12 deficiency Diagnostic testing typically involves serum B12 measurement , though this may not always reflect tissue stores accurately
Platforms that continued offering it under medical-need exemptions remain operational
"The procognitive and synaptogenic effects of angiotensin IV-derived peptides are dependent on activation of the hepatocyte growth factor/c-met system." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Reduces Stress Vitro studies have demonstrated that the DSIP peptide may reduce stress by interacting with the central nervous system and regulating hormonal activity
Reported side effects (rare): Mild fatigue Temporary nausea Injection site redness No known toxicity has been reported even at high doses in preclinical studies ( Toxicology Letters , 2022)